In the novel, tropes of vulnerability affect individuals and environments alike, promoting not only a poetic of loss but also a radical critique of such social questions as anti-globalisation, environmentalism, anti-nuclear campaigns and land rights in Kashmir. Even if Roy employs some magic realist elements drawn upon her Booker-winning debut novel, The God of Small Things (1997), the use of fantasy and realism in her second novel, The Ministry of Utmost Happiness (2017), is less concerned with an aesthetic function than with anti-global one.
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